数据结构 考研(数据结构考研真题)

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上期翻译答案

By June, American news outletswere describingthe “lying flat” trend as a natural consequence of China’s hypercompetitive middle-class culture, （where employees often report working “996” weeks — 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week — a lifestyle praised by the founder of the online shopping giant Alibaba, Jack Ma, and other captains of commerce.）

6月，美国新闻媒体报道了一种名为“躺平”的趋势，认为这是中国竞争高度激烈的中产阶级文化的自然产物，在这样的环境下，员工经常表示自己的工作是“996”——早9点到晚9点，一周工作6天，这种生活方式被网上购物巨头阿里巴巴的创始人马云和其他电商领导者极力赞赏。

1.hypercompetitive构词hyper-表示高…的

《本期内容》

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科学研究过程中分析数据会对试验结果产生重要影响，但在采集、处理、分析数据的过程中，如何保证科研人员的无偏和公正，是值得思考的问题。

双语阅读

One of the biggest concerns in science is bias—that scientists themselves, consciously or unconsciously, may put their thumbs on the scales and influence the outcomes of experiments. Boffins have come up with all sorts of tactics to try to eliminate it, from having their colleagues repeat their work to the “double blinding” common in clinical trials, when even the experimenters do not know which patients are receiving an experimental drug and which are getting a sugar-pillplacebo.

科学中最让人感到担心的一点是偏见——科学家们自己，有意或无意地，可能会给科学的天平施加影响，并影响到实验结果。研究人员想出了各种各样的方法来消除这种问题，包括让他们的同事重复一遍工作，以及临床常见的“双盲”实验，在“双盲”实验中，即使是实验人员也不知道哪些患者服用的是实验性药物，哪些患者服用的是糖丸安慰剂。

But gathering the data and running an experiment is not the only part of the process that can goawry. The methods chosen to analyse the data can also influence results. The point was dramatically demonstrated by two recent papers published in a journal called Surgery. Despite being based on the same dataset, they drew opposite conclusions about whether using a particular piece of kit during appendix-removal surgery reduced or increased the chances of infection.

但是，收集数据和做实验并不是这个过程中唯一可能出错的部分。分析数据所选择的方法也会影响结果。最近发表在《外科》杂志上的两篇论文戏剧性地证明了这一点。尽管两篇论文基于相同的数据集，但他们在“阑尾切除手术中使用特定的工具是否能减少或增加了感染的机会”上得出了完全相反的结论。

A new paper, from a large team of researchers headed by Martin Schweinsberg, a psychologist at the European School of Management and Technology, in Berlin, helpsshed some light onwhy. Dr Schweinsberg asked his guinea pigs to explore two seemingly straightforward hypotheses. The first was that a woman’s tendency to participate would rise as the number of other women in a conversation increased. The second was that high-status participants would talk more than their low-statuscounterparts.

由柏林欧洲管理和技术学院的心理学家马丁·施温斯伯格领导的一个大型研究小组发表的一篇新论文可以揭示其中的部分原因。施温斯伯格博士让他的受试者去探索两个似乎很简单的假设。首先，随着对话当中女性参与人数的增加，女性参与对话的意愿也会增加。第二，地位高的参与者会比地位低的参与者说得更多。

As it turned out, no two analysts employed exactly the same methods, and none got the same results. Some 29% of analysts reported that high-status participants were more likely to contribute. But 21% reported the opposite. (The remainder found no significant difference.) Things were less finely balanced with the firsthypothesis, with 64% reporting that women do indeed participate more, if plenty of other women are present. But 21% concluded that the opposite was true.

结果证明，没有两个分析师采用完全相同的方法，也没有人得到相同的结果。约29%的分析师报告称，地位高的参与者更有可能对谈话做出贡献。但有21%的人持相反意见。(其余的没有发现显著差异。)翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~但21%的人认为事实恰恰相反。

The problem was not that any of the analyses were “wrong” in any objective sense. The differences arose because researchers chose different definitions of what they were studying, and applied different techniques. When it came to defining how much women spoke, for instance, some analystsplumped forthe number of words in each woman’s comment. Others chose the number of characters. Still others defined it by the number of conversations that a woman participated in, irrespective of how much she actually said.

问题不在于这些分析从客观上来讲都是“错的”。出现差异的原因在于，研究人员对他们所研究的内容选择了不同的定义，采用了不同的技术。例如，在定义女性发言的数量时，一些分析师选择了每位女性发表评论的词数。而其他人选择的是字符数。还有一些人将其定义为女性参与的对话数量，而不管她实际上（在对话中）说了多少。

本文节选自：The Economist（经济学人）

发布时间：2021.07.28

作者：Science and technology

原文标题：Data don’t lie

词汇积累

1.placebo

• 英/plə’siːbəʊ/美/plə’sibo/

• n. 安慰剂；为死者所诵的晚祷词

  2.awry

• 英 /ə’raɪ/美/əˈraɪ/

• adv. 歪曲；歪斜地；错误低

  adj. 错误的；扭曲的

  3.counterpart

• 英/’kaʊntəpɑːt/美/’kaʊntɚpɑrt/

• n. 与对方地位相当的人, 与另一方作用相当的物

  4.hypothesis

• 英/haɪ’pɒθɪsɪs/美/haɪ’pɑθəsɪs/

• n. 假说, 假设, 前提

词组搭配

1.shed some light on 阐明；弄清楚

2.plump for 投票选出(一人)

写作句总结

Boffins have come up with all sorts of tactics to try to eliminate it, from having their colleagues repeat their work to the “double blinding” common in clinical trials, when even the experimenters do not know which patients are receiving an experimental drug and which are getting a sugar-pill placebo.

结构: sb. have come up with all sorts of tactics to try to do sth.

sb.想出了各种各样的方法来做sth.

例句:These countries have come up with all sorts of tactics to try to protect as many endangered creatures as possible.

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